If you’re trying to get pregnant, one of the first tests your doctor may recommend is a semen analysis. This test analyzes the health and viability of your sperm. It’s also the test you’ll need to confirm the success of a vasectomy.
A semen analysis looks at many factors, including:
- Sperm count
- Sperm shape
- Sperm movement
- Semen volume
The information from this spermatorrhoea test can help you and your doctor decide on your next steps toward having a child.
In this article, we’ll cover everything you need to know about semen analysis, including:
- Why it’s done
- What to expect
- How to understand the results
- At-home testing options
Purpose and What Semen Analysis Measures
Why Have a Semen Analysis?
The main reason to have a semen analysis is to evaluate male fertility. A doctor might order this test to:
- Investigate infertility issues
- Assess sperm quality and quantity
- Confirm the success of a vasectomy (to ensure there’s no sperm in the ejaculate after the procedure)
- Assess overall male reproductive health
- Identify potential issues affecting sperm production or function
What Does the Test Measure?
A semen analysis looks at several important factors:
- Semen volume: The amount of semen produced. Normal volume is at least 1.5 milliliters (mL).
- Sperm count and concentration: The number of sperm present in the semen. Normal concentration is at least 15 million sperm per mL, and the normal total count is at least 39 million sperm per sample.
- Sperm motility: The ability of sperm to move effectively. At least 50% of sperm should be active.
- Sperm morphology: The shape of the sperm. At least 4% of sperm should have a normal shape.
- Semen pH: The acidity or alkalinity of the semen. Normal pH ranges from 7.1 to 8.0.
- Other factors: Liquefaction time, presence of white blood cells (leukocytes), and any other abnormalities.
Preparing for and Providing a Semen Sample
If your doctor has ordered a semen analysis, it’s important to follow their instructions closely to ensure accurate results. Here’s a breakdown of what to expect before and during sample collection:
Before the Test
- Abstain from ejaculation: You’ll need to avoid ejaculating for 2 to 5 days before the test; the ideal period of abstinence to optimize conception chances may vary. It’s really important to stick to the specific timeframe your doctor gives you.
- Avoid substances: Cut out alcohol, smoking, and recreational drugs before your test.
- Disclose medications: Tell your doctor about all medications and supplements you’re taking. Some can mess with sperm production or function.
- Follow all instructions: Be sure to ask if anything isn’t clear. The instructions you get from your doctor may be tailored to your particular situation.
Providing the Sample
The most common way to collect the sample is through masturbation.
- No lubricants: Don’t use any lubricants, as they can be harmful to sperm.
- Collect everything: Make sure you collect the entire ejaculate in the sterile container provided by the lab. If you don’t collect the whole sample, it can throw off the results.
- Special condoms (if applicable): In rare cases, your doctor may ask you to use a special condom during intercourse. If so, make sure it doesn’t contain spermicide.
- Get it to the lab quickly: Deliver the sample to the lab within the timeframe they give you (usually within an hour). They’ll likely recommend keeping the sample at body temperature during transport.
Understanding Semen Analysis Results
After your semen analysis is complete, your healthcare provider will review the results with you. Here’s a little more about what those results mean.
Interpreting the Results
Normal values for semen parameters can vary a little from lab to lab. Generally, lab results will be compared to reference limits that have been established by major research studies. These reference ranges are based on data from men who have successfully conceived children.
The key things a semen analysis measures are sperm concentration (how many sperm are present), motility (how well sperm move), and morphology (the shape of sperm). If sperm count is low, that’s called oligospermia. Poor sperm motility is called asthenospermia, and abnormal sperm shape is called teratospermia. Any of these conditions can contribute to infertility.
The lab will also consider other things, like semen volume, pH, and whether white blood cells are present. High white blood cell counts can be a sign of infection.
What Abnormal Results Mean
If your semen analysis comes back with abnormal results, it doesn’t automatically mean you’re infertile. It just means you need further testing and evaluation to figure out what’s going on.
There are lots of potential causes for abnormal semen analysis results, including:
- Physical problems in the reproductive tract
- Hormonal imbalances like low testosterone
- Infections
- Genetic factors
- Lifestyle factors like smoking and drinking too much alcohol, or even caffeine, can impact semen analysis results.
Your doctor may want you to provide multiple samples over time to confirm any abnormal results, since sperm parameters can vary from day to day.
At-Home Semen Analysis Tests
You can buy semen analysis tests online or in drugstores and take them in the comfort of your own home. These tests are a convenient and relatively inexpensive way to get a preliminary assessment of your sperm quality.
However, at-home tests are limited. Many only measure sperm count or concentration, failing to assess other important factors, like motility and morphology, that are measured in a clinical setting. They also aren’t as accurate as tests performed in a lab.
Basic at-home sperm tests can cost less than $50. If you choose a test that you mail to a lab for analysis, expect to pay $200 or more.
It’s important to remember that at-home tests are not a substitute for a full clinical evaluation by a doctor. If you’re concerned about your fertility, it’s always best to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Factors Affecting Accuracy and Follow-Up Tests
Semen analysis results aren’t always perfect the first time around. Several factors can impact the accuracy of the test.
Factors Affecting Accuracy
To get the most accurate results, keep these things in mind:
- Timing of ejaculation: Doctors usually recommend waiting 2 to 7 days after your last ejaculation before providing a sample.
- Completeness of sample collection: It’s important to collect all of the ejaculate in the container.
- Time elapsed between collection and analysis: Ideally, the sample should be analyzed within 1 to 2 hours of collection. If you’re collecting the sample at home, you’ll likely need to return it to the lab within 30 minutes.
- Exposure to lubricants or other contaminants: Be sure to avoid using lubricants or any other substances that could contaminate the sample.
- Illness or recent fever: If you’re sick or have recently had a fever, it’s best to wait until you’re feeling better before providing a sample.
- Medications or supplements: Certain medications or supplements can affect sperm count and motility. Be sure to tell your doctor about any medications or supplements you’re taking.
Follow-Up Tests and Evaluation
If your semen analysis results come back abnormal, don’t panic. It doesn’t necessarily mean there’s a problem. Your doctor may recommend further testing to get a clearer picture of your fertility.
These tests might include:
- Hormone level checks
- Imaging studies
- Genetic testing
Your doctor will also consider your medical history, physical exam, and other test results. They may also refer you to a fertility specialist, such as a urologist or reproductive endocrinologist, for further evaluation and treatment.
Cost of Semen Analysis and FAQs
Cost Considerations
The cost of semen analysis can vary, depending on the lab that performs the test and where that lab is located.
In general, you can expect to pay somewhere between $250 and $500.
Whether or not your health insurance will cover the cost of testing depends on your particular health plan. Contact your insurance company to find out more.
Common Questions
You probably have some questions about what to expect from semen analysis. Here are a few of the most common questions doctors hear.
How long does a semen analysis take?
The analysis itself usually only takes a few hours. But you’ll need to factor in time for sample collection.
What if I have difficulty producing a sample?
Talk with your doctor. There may be some steps you can take to make the process easier.
Can stress affect my semen analysis results?
Yes, stress can potentially affect sperm parameters. If you’ve recently been under significant stress, be sure to let your doctor know.
Frequently Asked Questions
What drink can increase sperm?
While no single drink guarantees increased sperm production, staying hydrated is key for overall health, including sperm health. Some studies suggest that drinks rich in antioxidants, like pomegranate juice, may have a positive impact, but more research is needed. Focus on a balanced diet and adequate hydration; claims about the impact of specific foods, such as coconut water on sperm taste, are largely unsupported by scientific evidence.
How many times should a man release sperm in a week?
There’s no magic number. The ideal frequency of ejaculation varies from person to person. Some studies suggest that frequent ejaculation (daily or every other day) might improve sperm quality, while others recommend a few days of abstinence before trying to conceive. Talk to your doctor about what’s right for you.
Is Spermatorrhoea normal?
Spermatorrhoea, or involuntary ejaculation, particularly during sleep (nocturnal emission or “wet dreams”), is generally considered normal, especially during puberty and adolescence. However, frequent or excessive spermatorrhoea, especially if accompanied by other symptoms like fatigue or anxiety, could indicate an underlying issue and should be discussed with a healthcare professional.
Can a man recover from a low sperm count?
Yes, in many cases, a man can improve a low sperm count. Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing stress can often make a significant difference. Medical treatments, including hormone therapy or assisted reproductive technologies, may also be options.
What happens after 7 days of not ejaculating?
After 7 days of abstinence, sperm volume may increase, but sperm motility (the ability of sperm to swim) may decrease slightly. The exact effects can vary from person to person. The important thing is to find a frequency that works best for your body and your reproductive goals.
Wrapping up
A semen analysis is a really useful test for understanding male fertility and for confirming that a vasectomy has been successful. It gives healthcare professionals important information about the number of sperm, how well they move, their shape, and other important details.
To get the most reliable results, it’s essential to collect and prepare your sample exactly as instructed. Your doctor will give you specific directions, and it’s important to follow them carefully.
If your results come back outside the normal range, it could mean there’s an underlying health issue, but more tests will be needed to confirm that. It’s important not to try to diagnose yourself or make treatment decisions based only on a semen analysis.
Talk with your doctor about your results. They can help you understand what they mean for you and recommend the next steps based on your particular situation.